Cystitis, medically known as inflammation of the bladder, primarily results from a bacterial infection, often referred to as a urinary tract infection (UTI). This condition can cause discomfort and pain, potentially escalating to a significant health issue if the infection extends to the kidneys. In less frequent cases, cystitis may arise as a response to specific medications, radiation therapy, or potential irritants like feminine hygiene sprays, spermicidal jellies, or prolonged catheter use. It can also manifest as a complication of another underlying illness. The standard approach to bacterial cystitis involves the use of antibiotics for treatment. For other forms of cystitis, the treatment strategy depends on identifying and addressing the root cause.

Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, nephrolithiasis, or urolithiasis, are solid deposits composed of minerals and salts that develop within the kidneys. Various factors contribute to their formation, including diet, excessive body weight, specific medical conditions, as well as certain supplements and medications. These stones have the potential to affect any part of your urinary system, spanning from the kidneys to the bladder. Typically, kidney stones emerge when urine becomes highly concentrated, allowing minerals to crystallize and adhere together. Passing kidney stones can be an intensely painful experience, but if identified promptly, they usually do not result in permanent harm. Depending on your circumstances, pain management and increased water intake may be sufficient to facilitate the passage of kidney stones. However, in more complex situations—such as when stones become obstructed in the urinary tract, are associated with a urinary infection, or lead to complications—surgical intervention may be necessary. If you are at an elevated risk of recurrent kidney stones, your healthcare provider may recommend preventive treatments to reduce the likelihood of future occurrences.

Circumcision involves the surgical removal of the foreskin covering the tip of the penis. It's a relatively common procedure for newborn boys in specific regions, notably in the United States. While circumcision can be performed after the newborn stage, it becomes a more intricate process. For many families, circumcision holds significance as a religious ritual. Additionally, it can be rooted in family tradition, considerations of personal hygiene, or preventive healthcare. However, opinions on circumcision can vary, with some individuals perceiving it as unnecessary or potentially disfiguring.

Prostate cancer is cancer that occurs in the prostate. The prostate is a small walnut-shaped gland in males that produces the seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm. Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer. Many prostate cancers grow slowly and are confined to the prostate gland, where they may not cause serious harm. However, while some types of prostate cancer grow slowly and may need minimal or even no treatment, other types are aggressive and can spread quickly. Prostate cancer that's detected early — when it's still confined to the prostate gland — has the best chance for successful treatment.

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is a surgery used to treat urinary problems that are caused by an enlarged prostate. An instrument called a resectoscope is inserted through the tip of your penis and into the tube that carries urine from your bladder (urethra). The resectoscope helps your doctor see and trim away excess prostate tissue that's blocking urine flow. TURP is generally considered an option for men who have moderate to severe urinary problems that haven't responded to medication. While TURP has been considered the most effective treatment for an enlarged prostate, a number of other, minimally invasive procedures are becoming more effective. These procedures generally cause fewer complications and have a quicker recovery period than TURP

Double-J ureteral stents are commonly used to manage urinary obstructions. Pain, bladder irritative symptoms, and fever are usually signs of early complications related to double-J stents; late complications are more troublesome. We review 4 cases that highlight a variety of late complications with double-J stents (encrustation, migration, and fragmentation). Following a review of the literature, guidelines are established for monitoring potential risk factors as well as management strategies for prevention of possible complications when using double-J stents.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), also known as prostate gland enlargement, is a prevalent age-related condition among men. An enlarged prostate can lead to bothersome urinary symptoms, such as obstructed urine flow from the bladder. Additionally, it may contribute to complications involving the bladder, urinary tract, or kidneys. Thankfully, multiple effective treatments are available for managing prostate gland enlargement, ranging from medications to minimally invasive therapies and surgical interventions. The selection of the most suitable approach will depend on a collaborative assessment by you and your healthcare provider, taking into account your specific symptoms, the size of your prostate, any concurrent health conditions, and your personal preferences.