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The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) continues to rise in India. Studies have demonstrated that CKD affected 11.12% of people aged 15 and above during 2011-2017, but this number rose to 16.38% from 2018 to 2023. It is now considered the 8th major cause of mortality across India. This is largely because of limited understanding of CKD among the general public as awareness levels remain stagnant, particularly in semi-urban and rural areas. In this blog, let us deep dive into the details of chronic renal disease – its symptoms, causes, stages of kidney disease, and treatment options.
Synopsis
Chronic Kidney Disease: Causes
CKD is a long-term health problem that gradually causes kidneys to lose their capacity to filter blood waste. The deterioration happens slowly during the disease progression, and most people remain unaware. Untreated CKD disrupts fluid balance and the control of minerals and waste in the body, thus causing severe medical complications.
High blood pressure is one of the leading chronic kidney disease causes. High BP continuously strains the body, damaging small blood vessels inside your kidneys. Diabetes is another significant cause of kidney disease because elevated blood glucose destroys kidney function over the years. Repeated kidney infections, urinary tract infections, blockages, and inherited polycystic kidney disease are among the additional reasons that can trigger CKD development.
Common Chronic Kidney Disease Symptoms to Watch For
Chronic kidney disease often develops silently. You may not notice any signs or very mild symptoms until there is above 90% damage. Spotting early signs can help you get timely care and prevent complications like kidney failure.
Here are common chronic kidney disease symptoms you should watch for:
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Swelling in Your Feet or Ankles: Your kidneys may not remove extra fluid, causing swelling in your lower limbs.
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Fatigue and Weakness: Low red blood cell count or toxin buildup can constantly tire you.
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Changes in Urination: You may urinate more or less often or notice foamy, bloody, or dark-coloured urine.
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Persistent Itching: Wastes in your blood can lead to dry, itchy skin.
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Nausea and Loss of Appetite: Toxin build-up can make you feel sick and reduce your desire to eat.
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Shortness of Breath: Extra fluid in your body may enter the lungs and cause difficulty in breathing.
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Muscle Cramps: An Imbalance of minerals like calcium and phosphorus can cause cramps or twitches.
Chronic Kidney Disease Stages:
Along with CKD symptoms, it is also equally important to learn about the different stages of chronic kidney disease, as they can help better understand how the condition progresses over time. Nephrologists measure CKD stages through eGFR (estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate), which reflects how well your kidneys are filtering waste.
|
Stage |
Kidney Function (eGFR) | What Does it Mean? |
|
Stage 1 |
Normal or High (90+) |
Kidneys are working fine but with early signs of damage. You won't feel sick at this stage. |
|
Stage 2 |
Mildly Reduced (60-89) |
Mild kidney damage. You may still feel fine. |
|
Stage 3a |
Moderately Reduced (45-59) |
Kidneys aren't working as well. Waste can start to build up. You might begin to notice some symptoms like fatigue or swelling. |
|
Stage 3b |
Moderately Reduced (30-44) |
Kidney function is more reduced. Symptoms may become more common and noticeable. |
|
Stage 4 |
Severely Reduced (15-29) |
Kidneys are severely damaged. Symptoms will be consistent. This stage is close to kidney failure. |
|
Stage 5 |
Very Low (<15) or on Dialysis |
Kidneys have failed or are very close to failing. Dialysis or a kidney transplant is needed to survive. |
When kidney disease is left ignored or untreated until it reaches an advanced stage, the only possible treatment options left are dialysis or a kidney transplant.
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Dialysis can work as your kidneys filter waste and excess fluids from the blood. While it is a life-saving procedure, dialysis is required to be done multiple times every week.
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A kidney transplant is thus considered the most definitive form of treatment. In this procedure, a healthy kidney is extracted from a donor (either live or deceased donor – brain-dead individuals) to the patient whose kidneys are no longer functioning.
Preventing Kidney Failure: What You Can Do
Renal or kidney failure doesn’t occur overnight. Chronic kidney disease stages range from Stage 1 (mild) to Stage 5 (kidney failure), based on kidney function. If diagnosed early, you can take simple steps to delay or prevent kidney failure.
Below are steps you can take to protect your kidneys from CKD and failure:
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Control Your Blood Sugar: High blood sugar damages kidney filters. Manage diabetes through diet, exercise, and medication.
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Keep Your Blood Pressure in Check: High blood pressure strains kidney vessels. Aim for readings below 130/80 mmHg.
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Stay Hydrated but Not Overhydrated: Drink enough water daily unless your doctor advises otherwise.
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Avoid Painkillers and Self-Medication: Regular use of NSAIDs can harm your kidneys. Use only prescribed drugs.
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Quit Smoking and Limit Alcohol: These habits worsen kidney damage and increase your risk of heart problems.
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Get Regular Kidney Function Tests: Early diagnosis helps slow the damage and prevent kidney failure.
Conclusion
You should see an experienced nephrologist if you notice swelling, fatigue, changes in urination, or unexplained nausea. These signs may point to chronic kidney disease. Early diagnosis can prevent kidney failure and other complications. Don’t ignore mild or unusual symptoms, especially if you have diabetes or high blood pressure. Regular health check-ups and timely treatment can help you protect your kidney health and improve your overall well-being.
Visit our experienced nephrologists in Bangalore for early screening of kidney disease and management.
FAQ's
No, CKD cannot be cured. However, early treatment can slow its progression and effectively manage symptoms.
Yes, CKD can run in families. Genetic conditions like polycystic kidney disease increase your risk.
If you're at risk, test at least once a year. Your doctor may recommend more frequent testing.
A kidney-friendly diet low in salt, protein, and phosphorus supports better kidney function.
Regular light to moderate exercise improves heart health and supports kidney function. Always consult your doctor first.
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