Subscribe to our blogs

Reviewed by

Dr. Dinesh Kumar TP

Consultant - Urology, Andrology and Kidney transplant Surgeon

Manipal Hospitals, Mysuru

Book Appointment

Gout: Understanding Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

Reviewed by:

Gout is a type of arthritis characterised by the buildup of urate crystals in the joints, leading to sudden and severe pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness. These crystals form when there are high uric acid levels in the blood, a condition known as hyperuricemia. Uric acid is produced when the body breaks down substances called purines, which are found naturally in the body and in certain foods and drinks. While gout attacks can be intensely painful, the condition is manageable with appropriate gout treatment and lifestyle modifications. In this blog, an expert urologist discusses gout in detail.

What Is Gout?

Intense, sudden episodes of joint pain, redness, and swelling are the key characteristics of gout. However, it most often affects the big toe, although it also can affect other joints, including the ankles, knees, elbows, wrists, and fingers. The pain often starts suddenly, usually at night, and it’s usually accompanied by swelling and redness in the area. While acute pain from gout attacks can last from a few days to a few weeks, residual discomfort may persist long after the acute phase has ended.

Gout is caused by the formation of urate crystals in the joints, which occurs when the body produces too much uric acid—a waste product from the breakdown of purines. When the body produces too much uric acid, the waste product from the breakdown of purines, these crystals develop. The body and certain foods contain naturally occurring purines. Uric acid levels can be high if you produce a lot of it or your kidneys do not excrete it properly.

What Are the Common Causes of Gout?

The development of gout results from several factors. The main reason is the presence of uric acid crystals in the blood. The most common gout causes include:

Dietary factors: Consuming a lot of red meat, organ meats, seafood (especially shellfish and sardines), and alcohol can raise uric acid levels and exacerbate gout.
Obesity: Obesity increases uric acid levels; therefore, gradually losing excess weight through regular exercise and a balanced diet can help reduce the risk of gout.
Family history: Genetics also plays a role. If gout runs in your family, you may have a higher risk of developing the condition.
Medications: Diuretics and low-dose aspirin can increase your body’s uric acid levels and cause gout.
Health conditions: Gout is more likely to occur in people with high blood pressure, diabetes, or kidney disease.

What Are the Key Symptoms of Gout?

Gout symptoms include sudden and severe swelling, redness, and pain in one or more joints. Most of these symptoms appear without notice and are debilitating.

Intense Joint Pain: Gout commonly affects the big toe, but it may also affect joints in the ankles, knees, elbows, wrists, and fingers. The pain usually starts fairly suddenly and is very severe.
Lingering Discomfort: When the pain of a gout attack subsides, the joint may remain sore for several days to weeks.
Swelling and Redness: The joint affected becomes inflamed, swollen, and red and may feel warm to the touch.
Limited Range of Motion: In advanced cases, the range of motion within the affected joint is restricted, making it difficult to move.

Treatment for Gout

Gout treatment cannot completely cure the condition, but the symptoms can be well managed, inflammation reduced, and attacks prevented in the future. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication and lifestyle changes:

Medications: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), colchicine, and corticosteroids are commonly prescribed to relieve pain and inflammation during an acute gout attack. Long-term medications such as allopurinol and febuxostat can help lower uric acid levels in the blood and prevent future attacks.
Rest and Elevation: During an acute attack, it is important to rest the affected joint and elevate it to reduce swelling.
Ice: Applying ice to the affected joint can help reduce inflammation and numb the pain.
Hydration: Drinking plenty of water can help flush uric acid from the body and prevent crystal formation.
Dietary Changes: Avoiding foods and drinks high in purines, such as red meat, shellfish, and alcohol, can help reduce uric acid levels.

Prevention of Gout

Preventing gout involves both lifestyle changes and, in some cases, medication. Making these adjustments can help lower uric acid levels and reduce the frequency of gout attacks.

Healthy Eating: Focus on a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy products. Avoid foods high in purines, such as red meat, organ meats, and seafood (including shellfish and sardines).
Limit Alcohol: Alcohol, particularly beer and liquor, can raise uric acid levels and trigger gout attacks.
Hydration: Drink plenty of water daily to help your kidneys excrete uric acid more efficiently.
Exercise and Weight Management: Maintaining a healthy weight through regular exercise and a balanced diet can help reduce the risk of gout. Obesity increases uric acid levels, so losing excess weight can be beneficial.
Regular Check-ups: Keep regular appointments with your healthcare provider to monitor uric acid levels, especially if you have risk factors for gout.

Conclusion

Gout is a highly uncomfortable and often disabling problem, but it is well-treatable using medication, dietary changes, and lifestyle alterations. Learning as much as you can about gout—its causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention—will go a long way in easing attacks and helping you live a normal lifestyle. As with most conditions, managing gout also requires lifestyle changes and frequent visits to an expert doctor.