English

    Overview

  • Dr. S. Murali has acquired vast knowledge and competence in the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of stroke patients as a prominent authority in stroke management. Currently employed as a consultant neurologist at the Manipal Hospitals, Old Airport Road, Bangalore, Dr. Murali is an expert in stroke, general neurology, and movement disorders. He is a member of prestigious associations and societies, including the Bangalore Neurological Society (BNS), the Indian Strokes Association, and the Neurology Society of India, demonstrating his dedication to networking and professional development. Dr. Murali graduated from Kasturba Medical College in Bangalore with an MBBS degree. In general medicine, he has a Master of Doctorate from Jagadguru Jayadeva Murugarajendra Medical College in Davangere. Dr. Murali received his medical degree in neurology from Vellore's Christian Medical College. Dr. Murali is an acclaimed neurologist in Bangalore.

  • Dr. Murali has previously had affiliations with Manipal College of Medical Science in Nepal and Christian Medical College in Vellore. His two papers include Spectrum of CNS Infections in HIV Positive Individuals and Angiographic Profile in Unstable Angina. Dr. Murali promotes clear communication and comprehension with his multicultural patient group because of his multilingual skills. Due to his proficiency in English, Kannada, Tamil, and Malayalam, he can offer complete care to patients with a variety of linguistic backgrounds. The contributions and accomplishments of Dr. Murali in the medical area are extremely admirable. He is a member of the teaching staff for the postgraduate programme and a neurology examiner for the National Board of Examinations. In addition, because of his qualifications, he was appointed Regional Chief of Clinical Service at Manipal Hospitals, demonstrating his ability to lead and dedication to providing top-notch treatment. Dr. Murali has the title of Adjunct Professor of Neurology at Manipal Academy of Higher Education in acknowledgement of his exceptional abilities and knowledge. His commitment to training future medical professionals and encouraging academic excellence in the field of neurology is highlighted by this esteemed position. Dr. S. Murali is a highly skilled doctor with a strong background in stroke care. His memberships in professional organisations, multilingual proficiency, and various honours and assignments attest to his commitment to patient care, medical practice advancement, and education.

  • Dr. Murali is a well-respected figure and a great asset to the medical industry - thanks to his contributions to and leadership in the field of neurology. He is a faculty member for the postgraduate teaching programme at the National Board of Examination and mentors postgraduate students in neurology. He also serves as the Manipal Hospitals' Regional Chief of Clinical Service and teaches neurology at the Manipal Academy of Higher Education on a part-time basis. Dr. Murali also serves as a principal assessor and educator for the NABH, which is an organisation that accredits hospitals and other healthcare organisations. In addition, he serves as a senator for the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences and is the chief host examiner for the UK's MRCP (Membership of the Royal College of Physicians)."

  • Field of Expertise

  • Cognitive Neurology and Dementia
  • Memory disorders, Parkinson’s disease
  • Stroke
  • Epilepsy
  • Headache
  • Fellowship & Membership

  • Fellow of American Academy of Neurology, 2019
  • Languages Spoken

  • English
  • Kannada
  • Awards & Achievements

  • Started the first memory clinic in India, 1998.
  • Head of the multidisciplinary Cognitive neurology clinic (CNC), 2007-till date. >1000 patients evaluated referrals from all over India.
  • Commonwealth Fellowship in cognitive neurology, Unit of Cambridge, UK 1999-2000.
  • Elected Steering committee member of PIA-Cognition, Alzheimer’s association, 2020.
  • Initiated the DNB course in Neurology at Manipal Hospital as Head in 2014.
  • Co-organized the 8th conference of the ARDSI, India at Bangalore.
  • Organized the World Federation of Neurology (WFN) teaching course in Cognitive Neurology, 2012
  • Awarded research grant under the cognitive science research initiative (CSI) by Department of Science & Technology (DST), 2015.
  • Gandhi Research Fellowship award 2016, UK.
  • First author paper ’The prevalence of FTD’ in Neurology journal, 2002- ~1000 citations.
  • Works closely with NGOs like Nightingales Medical trust to improve public awareness of dementia and stroke.
  • Talks & Publications

  • Reviewer for various National and International journals.

    Fellowship & Membership

  • Fellow of American Academy of Neurology, 2019
  • Overview

  • Dr. S. Murali has acquired vast knowledge and competence in the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of stroke patients as a prominent authority in stroke management. Currently employed as a consultant neurologist at the Manipal Hospitals, Old Airport Road, Bangalore, Dr. Murali is an expert in stroke, general neurology, and movement disorders. He is a member of prestigious associations and societies, including the Bangalore Neurological Society (BNS), the Indian Strokes Association, and the Neurology Society of India, demonstrating his dedication to networking and professional development. Dr. Murali graduated from Kasturba Medical College in Bangalore with an MBBS degree. In general medicine, he has a Master of Doctorate from Jagadguru Jayadeva Murugarajendra Medical College in Davangere. Dr. Murali received his medical degree in neurology from Vellore's Christian Medical College. Dr. Murali is an acclaimed neurologist in Bangalore.

  • Dr. Murali has previously had affiliations with Manipal College of Medical Science in Nepal and Christian Medical College in Vellore. His two papers include Spectrum of CNS Infections in HIV Positive Individuals and Angiographic Profile in Unstable Angina. Dr. Murali promotes clear communication and comprehension with his multicultural patient group because of his multilingual skills. Due to his proficiency in English, Kannada, Tamil, and Malayalam, he can offer complete care to patients with a variety of linguistic backgrounds. The contributions and accomplishments of Dr. Murali in the medical area are extremely admirable. He is a member of the teaching staff for the postgraduate programme and a neurology examiner for the National Board of Examinations. In addition, because of his qualifications, he was appointed Regional Chief of Clinical Service at Manipal Hospitals, demonstrating his ability to lead and dedication to providing top-notch treatment. Dr. Murali has the title of Adjunct Professor of Neurology at Manipal Academy of Higher Education in acknowledgement of his exceptional abilities and knowledge. His commitment to training future medical professionals and encouraging academic excellence in the field of neurology is highlighted by this esteemed position. Dr. S. Murali is a highly skilled doctor with a strong background in stroke care. His memberships in professional organisations, multilingual proficiency, and various honours and assignments attest to his commitment to patient care, medical practice advancement, and education.

  • Dr. Murali is a well-respected figure and a great asset to the medical industry - thanks to his contributions to and leadership in the field of neurology. He is a faculty member for the postgraduate teaching programme at the National Board of Examination and mentors postgraduate students in neurology. He also serves as the Manipal Hospitals' Regional Chief of Clinical Service and teaches neurology at the Manipal Academy of Higher Education on a part-time basis. Dr. Murali also serves as a principal assessor and educator for the NABH, which is an organisation that accredits hospitals and other healthcare organisations. In addition, he serves as a senator for the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences and is the chief host examiner for the UK's MRCP (Membership of the Royal College of Physicians)."

  • Field of Expertise

  • Cognitive Neurology and Dementia
  • Memory disorders, Parkinson’s disease
  • Stroke
  • Epilepsy
  • Headache
  • Languages Spoken

  • English
  • Kannada
  • Awards & Achievements

  • Started the first memory clinic in India, 1998.
  • Head of the multidisciplinary Cognitive neurology clinic (CNC), 2007-till date. >1000 patients evaluated referrals from all over India.
  • Commonwealth Fellowship in cognitive neurology, Unit of Cambridge, UK 1999-2000.
  • Elected Steering committee member of PIA-Cognition, Alzheimer’s association, 2020.
  • Initiated the DNB course in Neurology at Manipal Hospital as Head in 2014.
  • Co-organized the 8th conference of the ARDSI, India at Bangalore.
  • Organized the World Federation of Neurology (WFN) teaching course in Cognitive Neurology, 2012
  • Awarded research grant under the cognitive science research initiative (CSI) by Department of Science & Technology (DST), 2015.
  • Gandhi Research Fellowship award 2016, UK.
  • First author paper ’The prevalence of FTD’ in Neurology journal, 2002- ~1000 citations.
  • Works closely with NGOs like Nightingales Medical trust to improve public awareness of dementia and stroke.
  • Talks & Publications

  • Reviewer for various National and International journals.

    Languages Spoken

  • English
  • Kannada
  • Overview

  • Dr. S. Murali has acquired vast knowledge and competence in the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of stroke patients as a prominent authority in stroke management. Currently employed as a consultant neurologist at the Manipal Hospitals, Old Airport Road, Bangalore, Dr. Murali is an expert in stroke, general neurology, and movement disorders. He is a member of prestigious associations and societies, including the Bangalore Neurological Society (BNS), the Indian Strokes Association, and the Neurology Society of India, demonstrating his dedication to networking and professional development. Dr. Murali graduated from Kasturba Medical College in Bangalore with an MBBS degree. In general medicine, he has a Master of Doctorate from Jagadguru Jayadeva Murugarajendra Medical College in Davangere. Dr. Murali received his medical degree in neurology from Vellore's Christian Medical College. Dr. Murali is an acclaimed neurologist in Bangalore.

  • Dr. Murali has previously had affiliations with Manipal College of Medical Science in Nepal and Christian Medical College in Vellore. His two papers include Spectrum of CNS Infections in HIV Positive Individuals and Angiographic Profile in Unstable Angina. Dr. Murali promotes clear communication and comprehension with his multicultural patient group because of his multilingual skills. Due to his proficiency in English, Kannada, Tamil, and Malayalam, he can offer complete care to patients with a variety of linguistic backgrounds. The contributions and accomplishments of Dr. Murali in the medical area are extremely admirable. He is a member of the teaching staff for the postgraduate programme and a neurology examiner for the National Board of Examinations. In addition, because of his qualifications, he was appointed Regional Chief of Clinical Service at Manipal Hospitals, demonstrating his ability to lead and dedication to providing top-notch treatment. Dr. Murali has the title of Adjunct Professor of Neurology at Manipal Academy of Higher Education in acknowledgement of his exceptional abilities and knowledge. His commitment to training future medical professionals and encouraging academic excellence in the field of neurology is highlighted by this esteemed position. Dr. S. Murali is a highly skilled doctor with a strong background in stroke care. His memberships in professional organisations, multilingual proficiency, and various honours and assignments attest to his commitment to patient care, medical practice advancement, and education.

  • Dr. Murali is a well-respected figure and a great asset to the medical industry - thanks to his contributions to and leadership in the field of neurology. He is a faculty member for the postgraduate teaching programme at the National Board of Examination and mentors postgraduate students in neurology. He also serves as the Manipal Hospitals' Regional Chief of Clinical Service and teaches neurology at the Manipal Academy of Higher Education on a part-time basis. Dr. Murali also serves as a principal assessor and educator for the NABH, which is an organisation that accredits hospitals and other healthcare organisations. In addition, he serves as a senator for the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences and is the chief host examiner for the UK's MRCP (Membership of the Royal College of Physicians)."

  • Fellowship & Membership

  • Fellow of American Academy of Neurology, 2019
  • Field of Expertise

  • Cognitive Neurology and Dementia
  • Memory disorders, Parkinson’s disease
  • Stroke
  • Epilepsy
  • Headache
  • Awards & Achievements

  • Started the first memory clinic in India, 1998.
  • Head of the multidisciplinary Cognitive neurology clinic (CNC), 2007-till date. >1000 patients evaluated referrals from all over India.
  • Commonwealth Fellowship in cognitive neurology, Unit of Cambridge, UK 1999-2000.
  • Elected Steering committee member of PIA-Cognition, Alzheimer’s association, 2020.
  • Initiated the DNB course in Neurology at Manipal Hospital as Head in 2014.
  • Co-organized the 8th conference of the ARDSI, India at Bangalore.
  • Organized the World Federation of Neurology (WFN) teaching course in Cognitive Neurology, 2012
  • Awarded research grant under the cognitive science research initiative (CSI) by Department of Science & Technology (DST), 2015.
  • Gandhi Research Fellowship award 2016, UK.
  • First author paper ’The prevalence of FTD’ in Neurology journal, 2002- ~1000 citations.
  • Works closely with NGOs like Nightingales Medical trust to improve public awareness of dementia and stroke.
  • Talks & Publications

  • Reviewer for various National and International journals.

    Field of Expertise

  • Cognitive Neurology and Dementia
  • Memory disorders, Parkinson’s disease
  • Stroke
  • Epilepsy
  • Headache
  • Fellowship & Membership

  • Fellow of American Academy of Neurology, 2019
  • Languages Spoken

  • English
  • Kannada
  • Awards & Achievements

  • Started the first memory clinic in India, 1998.
  • Head of the multidisciplinary Cognitive neurology clinic (CNC), 2007-till date. >1000 patients evaluated referrals from all over India.
  • Commonwealth Fellowship in cognitive neurology, Unit of Cambridge, UK 1999-2000.
  • Elected Steering committee member of PIA-Cognition, Alzheimer’s association, 2020.
  • Initiated the DNB course in Neurology at Manipal Hospital as Head in 2014.
  • Co-organized the 8th conference of the ARDSI, India at Bangalore.
  • Organized the World Federation of Neurology (WFN) teaching course in Cognitive Neurology, 2012
  • Awarded research grant under the cognitive science research initiative (CSI) by Department of Science & Technology (DST), 2015.
  • Gandhi Research Fellowship award 2016, UK.
  • First author paper ’The prevalence of FTD’ in Neurology journal, 2002- ~1000 citations.
  • Works closely with NGOs like Nightingales Medical trust to improve public awareness of dementia and stroke.
  • Talks & Publications

  • Reviewer for various National and International journals.
  • Overview

  • Dr. S. Murali has acquired vast knowledge and competence in the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of stroke patients as a prominent authority in stroke management. Currently employed as a consultant neurologist at the Manipal Hospitals, Old Airport Road, Bangalore, Dr. Murali is an expert in stroke, general neurology, and movement disorders. He is a member of prestigious associations and societies, including the Bangalore Neurological Society (BNS), the Indian Strokes Association, and the Neurology Society of India, demonstrating his dedication to networking and professional development. Dr. Murali graduated from Kasturba Medical College in Bangalore with an MBBS degree. In general medicine, he has a Master of Doctorate from Jagadguru Jayadeva Murugarajendra Medical College in Davangere. Dr. Murali received his medical degree in neurology from Vellore's Christian Medical College. Dr. Murali is an acclaimed neurologist in Bangalore.

  • Dr. Murali has previously had affiliations with Manipal College of Medical Science in Nepal and Christian Medical College in Vellore. His two papers include Spectrum of CNS Infections in HIV Positive Individuals and Angiographic Profile in Unstable Angina. Dr. Murali promotes clear communication and comprehension with his multicultural patient group because of his multilingual skills. Due to his proficiency in English, Kannada, Tamil, and Malayalam, he can offer complete care to patients with a variety of linguistic backgrounds. The contributions and accomplishments of Dr. Murali in the medical area are extremely admirable. He is a member of the teaching staff for the postgraduate programme and a neurology examiner for the National Board of Examinations. In addition, because of his qualifications, he was appointed Regional Chief of Clinical Service at Manipal Hospitals, demonstrating his ability to lead and dedication to providing top-notch treatment. Dr. Murali has the title of Adjunct Professor of Neurology at Manipal Academy of Higher Education in acknowledgement of his exceptional abilities and knowledge. His commitment to training future medical professionals and encouraging academic excellence in the field of neurology is highlighted by this esteemed position. Dr. S. Murali is a highly skilled doctor with a strong background in stroke care. His memberships in professional organisations, multilingual proficiency, and various honours and assignments attest to his commitment to patient care, medical practice advancement, and education.

  • Dr. Murali is a well-respected figure and a great asset to the medical industry - thanks to his contributions to and leadership in the field of neurology. He is a faculty member for the postgraduate teaching programme at the National Board of Examination and mentors postgraduate students in neurology. He also serves as the Manipal Hospitals' Regional Chief of Clinical Service and teaches neurology at the Manipal Academy of Higher Education on a part-time basis. Dr. Murali also serves as a principal assessor and educator for the NABH, which is an organisation that accredits hospitals and other healthcare organisations. In addition, he serves as a senator for the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences and is the chief host examiner for the UK's MRCP (Membership of the Royal College of Physicians)."

    Awards & Achievements

  • Started the first memory clinic in India, 1998.
  • Head of the multidisciplinary Cognitive neurology clinic (CNC), 2007-till date. >1000 patients evaluated referrals from all over India.
  • Commonwealth Fellowship in cognitive neurology, Unit of Cambridge, UK 1999-2000.
  • Elected Steering committee member of PIA-Cognition, Alzheimer’s association, 2020.
  • Initiated the DNB course in Neurology at Manipal Hospital as Head in 2014.
  • Co-organized the 8th conference of the ARDSI, India at Bangalore.
  • Organized the World Federation of Neurology (WFN) teaching course in Cognitive Neurology, 2012
  • Awarded research grant under the cognitive science research initiative (CSI) by Department of Science & Technology (DST), 2015.
  • Gandhi Research Fellowship award 2016, UK.
  • First author paper ’The prevalence of FTD’ in Neurology journal, 2002- ~1000 citations.
  • Works closely with NGOs like Nightingales Medical trust to improve public awareness of dementia and stroke.
  • Fellowship & Membership

  • Fellow of American Academy of Neurology, 2019
  • Field of Expertise

  • Cognitive Neurology and Dementia
  • Memory disorders, Parkinson’s disease
  • Stroke
  • Epilepsy
  • Headache
  • Languages Spoken

  • English
  • Kannada
  • Talks & Publications

  • Reviewer for various National and International journals.
  • Overview

  • Dr. S. Murali has acquired vast knowledge and competence in the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of stroke patients as a prominent authority in stroke management. Currently employed as a consultant neurologist at the Manipal Hospitals, Old Airport Road, Bangalore, Dr. Murali is an expert in stroke, general neurology, and movement disorders. He is a member of prestigious associations and societies, including the Bangalore Neurological Society (BNS), the Indian Strokes Association, and the Neurology Society of India, demonstrating his dedication to networking and professional development. Dr. Murali graduated from Kasturba Medical College in Bangalore with an MBBS degree. In general medicine, he has a Master of Doctorate from Jagadguru Jayadeva Murugarajendra Medical College in Davangere. Dr. Murali received his medical degree in neurology from Vellore's Christian Medical College. Dr. Murali is an acclaimed neurologist in Bangalore.

  • Dr. Murali has previously had affiliations with Manipal College of Medical Science in Nepal and Christian Medical College in Vellore. His two papers include Spectrum of CNS Infections in HIV Positive Individuals and Angiographic Profile in Unstable Angina. Dr. Murali promotes clear communication and comprehension with his multicultural patient group because of his multilingual skills. Due to his proficiency in English, Kannada, Tamil, and Malayalam, he can offer complete care to patients with a variety of linguistic backgrounds. The contributions and accomplishments of Dr. Murali in the medical area are extremely admirable. He is a member of the teaching staff for the postgraduate programme and a neurology examiner for the National Board of Examinations. In addition, because of his qualifications, he was appointed Regional Chief of Clinical Service at Manipal Hospitals, demonstrating his ability to lead and dedication to providing top-notch treatment. Dr. Murali has the title of Adjunct Professor of Neurology at Manipal Academy of Higher Education in acknowledgement of his exceptional abilities and knowledge. His commitment to training future medical professionals and encouraging academic excellence in the field of neurology is highlighted by this esteemed position. Dr. S. Murali is a highly skilled doctor with a strong background in stroke care. His memberships in professional organisations, multilingual proficiency, and various honours and assignments attest to his commitment to patient care, medical practice advancement, and education.

  • Dr. Murali is a well-respected figure and a great asset to the medical industry - thanks to his contributions to and leadership in the field of neurology. He is a faculty member for the postgraduate teaching programme at the National Board of Examination and mentors postgraduate students in neurology. He also serves as the Manipal Hospitals' Regional Chief of Clinical Service and teaches neurology at the Manipal Academy of Higher Education on a part-time basis. Dr. Murali also serves as a principal assessor and educator for the NABH, which is an organisation that accredits hospitals and other healthcare organisations. In addition, he serves as a senator for the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences and is the chief host examiner for the UK's MRCP (Membership of the Royal College of Physicians)."

    Talks & Publications

  • Reviewer for various National and International journals.
  • Overview

  • Dr. S. Murali has acquired vast knowledge and competence in the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of stroke patients as a prominent authority in stroke management. Currently employed as a consultant neurologist at the Manipal Hospitals, Old Airport Road, Bangalore, Dr. Murali is an expert in stroke, general neurology, and movement disorders. He is a member of prestigious associations and societies, including the Bangalore Neurological Society (BNS), the Indian Strokes Association, and the Neurology Society of India, demonstrating his dedication to networking and professional development. Dr. Murali graduated from Kasturba Medical College in Bangalore with an MBBS degree. In general medicine, he has a Master of Doctorate from Jagadguru Jayadeva Murugarajendra Medical College in Davangere. Dr. Murali received his medical degree in neurology from Vellore's Christian Medical College. Dr. Murali is an acclaimed neurologist in Bangalore.

  • Dr. Murali has previously had affiliations with Manipal College of Medical Science in Nepal and Christian Medical College in Vellore. His two papers include Spectrum of CNS Infections in HIV Positive Individuals and Angiographic Profile in Unstable Angina. Dr. Murali promotes clear communication and comprehension with his multicultural patient group because of his multilingual skills. Due to his proficiency in English, Kannada, Tamil, and Malayalam, he can offer complete care to patients with a variety of linguistic backgrounds. The contributions and accomplishments of Dr. Murali in the medical area are extremely admirable. He is a member of the teaching staff for the postgraduate programme and a neurology examiner for the National Board of Examinations. In addition, because of his qualifications, he was appointed Regional Chief of Clinical Service at Manipal Hospitals, demonstrating his ability to lead and dedication to providing top-notch treatment. Dr. Murali has the title of Adjunct Professor of Neurology at Manipal Academy of Higher Education in acknowledgement of his exceptional abilities and knowledge. His commitment to training future medical professionals and encouraging academic excellence in the field of neurology is highlighted by this esteemed position. Dr. S. Murali is a highly skilled doctor with a strong background in stroke care. His memberships in professional organisations, multilingual proficiency, and various honours and assignments attest to his commitment to patient care, medical practice advancement, and education.

  • Dr. Murali is a well-respected figure and a great asset to the medical industry - thanks to his contributions to and leadership in the field of neurology. He is a faculty member for the postgraduate teaching programme at the National Board of Examination and mentors postgraduate students in neurology. He also serves as the Manipal Hospitals' Regional Chief of Clinical Service and teaches neurology at the Manipal Academy of Higher Education on a part-time basis. Dr. Murali also serves as a principal assessor and educator for the NABH, which is an organisation that accredits hospitals and other healthcare organisations. In addition, he serves as a senator for the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences and is the chief host examiner for the UK's MRCP (Membership of the Royal College of Physicians)."

  • Fellowship & Membership

  • Fellow of American Academy of Neurology, 2019
  • Field of Expertise

  • Cognitive Neurology and Dementia
  • Memory disorders, Parkinson’s disease
  • Stroke
  • Epilepsy
  • Headache
  • Languages Spoken

  • English
  • Kannada
  • Awards & Achievements

  • Started the first memory clinic in India, 1998.
  • Head of the multidisciplinary Cognitive neurology clinic (CNC), 2007-till date. >1000 patients evaluated referrals from all over India.
  • Commonwealth Fellowship in cognitive neurology, Unit of Cambridge, UK 1999-2000.
  • Elected Steering committee member of PIA-Cognition, Alzheimer’s association, 2020.
  • Initiated the DNB course in Neurology at Manipal Hospital as Head in 2014.
  • Co-organized the 8th conference of the ARDSI, India at Bangalore.
  • Organized the World Federation of Neurology (WFN) teaching course in Cognitive Neurology, 2012
  • Awarded research grant under the cognitive science research initiative (CSI) by Department of Science & Technology (DST), 2015.
  • Gandhi Research Fellowship award 2016, UK.
  • First author paper ’The prevalence of FTD’ in Neurology journal, 2002- ~1000 citations.
  • Works closely with NGOs like Nightingales Medical trust to improve public awareness of dementia and stroke.

FAQ's

Patients often seek Dr. Ratnavalli Subbarao’s expertise as the Consultant - Neurology at Manipal Hospitals Old Airport Road - Bengaluru. Dr. Ratnavalli Subbarao is a Neurologist at Manipal Hospitals Oldairportroad, Bangalore expertise in cognitive neurology and dementia, memory disorders, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, epilepsy, and headache.