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Coronary bypass surgery, also known as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG procedure), is a surgical procedure designed to improve blood flow to the heart muscle by bypassing blocked or narrowed coronary arteries. This procedure is commonly performed to treat coronary artery disease (CAD), a condition where the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle become narrowed or blocked, often due to the buildup of plaque. This leads to symptoms of heart blockage in the patient and it may become severe. Manipal Hospitals Patiala has some of the best surgeons in Punjab for heart surgery.
Synopsis
Why is CABG done?
In the science of heart or cardiology, a coronary artery bypass graft is performed to restore blood supply to a heart suffering due to blockages. The primary goal of coronary bypass surgery is to restore blood flow to the heart muscle, relieving symptoms such as chest pain (angina) and reducing the risk of heart attack. This is achieved by creating a new pathway for blood to flow around the blocked or narrowed coronary arteries using grafts from other parts of the body.
Steps in Cardiac ByPass Surgery
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Preparation
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The patient is administered anaesthesia to induce sleep and prevent pain during the surgery.
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Monitoring devices are attached to measure vital signs, and a breathing tube may be inserted.
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Harvesting Grafts
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Grafts, commonly taken from the patient's leg (saphenous vein) or an artery in the chest (internal mammary artery), are prepared for use.
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Opening the Chest
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A vertical incision is made in the chest, and the breastbone (sternum) is divided to provide access to the heart.
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Cardiopulmonary Bypass
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The patient is connected to a heart-lung machine, which temporarily takes over the pumping of blood and oxygenating it, allowing the surgeon to stop the heart for the procedure.
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Graft Placement
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The surgeon attaches one end of the graft to the aorta (the large artery leaving the heart) and the other end to the coronary artery beyond the blockage, creating a new route for blood flow.
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Closing the Chest
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After completing the bypass grafts, the heart is restarted, and the patient is gradually weaned off the heart-lung machine.
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The chest is closed with wires, and the incision is sutured.
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Risks and Complications of Coronary Bypass Surgery
While coronary artery bypass surgery is generally considered safe, like any surgical procedure, it carries certain risks and potential complications, including:
- Infection at the incision site.
- Bleeding.
- Blood clots.
- Stroke.
- Heart rhythm disturbances.
- Kidney problems.
- Breathing difficulties.
It's essential for patients to discuss these risks with their healthcare team before undergoing the procedure.
Post-Surgery Recovery and Treatments
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Hospital Stay
Most patients stay in the hospital for several days after surgery for close monitoring and recovery.
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Medications
Prescribed medications may include blood thinners, pain relievers, and medications to manage blood pressure and cholesterol.
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Cardiac Rehabilitation
A structured program involving exercise, education, and support to help patients recover and adopt heart-healthy habits.
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Lifestyle Modifications
Adopting a heart-healthy diet, quitting smoking, and managing stress are crucial for long-term recovery.
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Ongoing Medical Management
Regular follow-up appointments with healthcare providers to monitor heart health and adjust medications as needed.
Coronary bypass surgery is a significant intervention that can provide relief for individuals with advanced coronary artery disease. It is essential for patients to actively participate in their recovery by following medical advice, making lifestyle changes, and attending regular check-ups to ensure optimal long-term outcomes.
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